Silat is a collective word for a class of indigenous martial arts from the geo-cultural area of Southeast Asia, more precisely in the Indonesian Archipelago, a region known locally as Nusantara.[1] It is traditionally practised in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, portions of the Philippines,[1] southern part of Thailand and central part of Vietnam. There are hundreds of different styles (aliran) and schools (perguruan) but they tend to focus either on strikes, joint manipulation, weaponry, or some combination thereof.
Silat is one of the sports included in the Southeast Asian Games and other region-wide competitions. Silat first made its debut in 1987 Southeast Asian Games and 2018 Asian Games, both were held in Indonesia.[2] Training halls are overseen by separate national organisations in each of the main countries the art is practised. These organisations are Ikatan Pencak Silat Indonesia (IPSI) from Indonesia, Persekutuan Silat Kebangsaan Malaysia (PESAKA) from Malaysia, Persekutuan Silat Brunei Darussalam (PERSIB) from Brunei and Persekutuan Silat Singapura (PERSISI) from Singapore. Practitioners are called pesilat.
While the word silat is used by Malay-speakers throughout Southeast Asia, the art is officially called pencak silat in Indonesia. The word silat has been adopted worldwide in reference to professional competitive silat for sport, similar to the Chinese word wushu. Regional dialect names include penca (West Java), dika or padik (Thailand), silek (the Minangkabau pronunciation of silat), main-po or maen po (in the lower speech of Sundanese), and gayong or gayung (used in parts of Malaysia and Sumatra). The clear distinction between Indonesian and Peninsular silat is a relatively recent one based mainly on post-independence patriotic sentiments. The term silat Melayu ('Malay silat') was originally used in reference to Riau but is today commonly used for referring to systems created on the Southeast Asian mainland. Generally speaking, silat Melayu is often associated with fixed hand positions, low stances, and slow dance-like movements. While this generalisation does not necessarily reflect the reality of silat techniques, it has had a notable influence on the stereotypical way the art is portrayed in Malaysia, Singapore, and to some extent Brunei.[citation needed]
- 2Origins
- 4Training
- 6In popular culture
Etymology[edit]
The origin of the word silat is uncertain. The Malay term silat is linked to Minangkabau Indonesia word silek, thus a Sumatran origin of the term is likely.[1] It possibly related to silambam, the Tamil martial art which has been recorded as being practiced in Malaysia since at least the fifteenth century in Malacca.[3] The preset forms of silambam are known as silatguvarisai. The most popular theory in Malaysia is that it derives from sekilat meaning 'as (fast as) lightning.'[citation needed]
Other theories derive silat from the Sanskritsīla meaning morality or principle, or the Southern Chinesesaula which means to push or perform with the hands.[4] The Sanskrit theory is particularly popular in Thailand, as sila is an alternate form of the word silat in that country. Other similar-sounding words have been proposed, but are generally not considered by etymologists. One example is si elat which means someone who confuses, deceives or bluffs. A similar term, ilat, means an accident, misfortune or a calamity.[5] Yet another similar-sounding word is silap meaning wrong or error. Some styles contain a set of techniques called Langkah Silap designed to lead the opponent into making a mistake.[4]
In its proper usage in the languages of its origin, silat is often a general term for any fighting style. This is still common in Indonesia where in some regions both silat and kuntao are traditionally interchangeable.
Origins[edit]
Legend[edit]
A number of stories exist detailing the history of particular styles, which are often used as origin myths for silat in general. One such tale is of a woman named Rama Sukana who witnessed a fight between a tiger and a large hawk. By using the animals' movements, she was able to fend off a group of drunken men that attacked her. She then taught the techniques to her husband Rama Isruna from whom they were formally passed down. There are several variations of this story depending on the region where it is told. On the island of Boyan (Bawean), Rama Sukana is believed to have watched monkeys fighting each other while the Sundanese of West Java believe that she saw a monkey battle a tiger.[6]
Download microsoft visio 2010 professional. The legend in the Malay Peninsula is where the heroine is named Teemoh. The daughter of a raja in the Indonesian Archipelago, her husband is a possessive man named Uma.[citation needed] In this version, Teemoh tries to scare away a white-rumped shama or murai batu (more than one of them in some versions) that flies at her as she bathes. With each move the bird makes, she attempts to wave it off with her hands, and spins as it flies around her. Rather than fighting off drunken men, Teemoh fends off her own husband who tries to beat her with a stick for taking so long. The fact that this legend attributes silat to a woman reflects the prominence of women in traditional Southeast society, as can still be seen in the matriachal adat pepatih custom of West Sumatra.
Another legend tells of three Minangkabau warriors from West Sumatra, Indonesia. By their masters' instruction, the young men were travelling north in the hope of attaining moksa (enlightenment). On their journey, they were caught up in a bloody battle near the Siamese border. One of the three was wounded but managed to escape into a forest. Following a stream, he reached a waterfall where he stopped to rest. The warrior noticed a lotus flower come down the waterfall but even as it was pushed below the surface by the waterfall, the lotus would float back up completely intact. The warrior tried throwing a stone and then a stick at the lotus, both with the same result. Finally he went into the water and tried slashing at it with his sword but the lotus would only swirl away, still unharmed. The exhausted warrior then fell into the water and upon climbing out, he contemplated how this principle of overcoming the hard with the soft could be applied to battle. He subsequently created a method of silat with his two compatriots. This story is often told in the Malay Peninsula either as the origin of a particular lineage or to explain the spread of silat from the Minangkabau heartland into Indochina. Minangkabau style silat called Silek Minang influenced the style of silat in Negeri Sembilan in Malay Peninsula.[7]
The time period for this tale is generally believed to be the 14th century. However, a later version with a more Islamic setting places it during the 17th century. In this version, the three men are named Burhanuddin, Shamsuddin and Aminuddin. Rather than a quest north for enlightenment, they journey to Aceh where Islam has recently been introduced in order to learn more about the new religion. Their status as warriors is not mentioned, nor a battle. Instead, Burhanuddin is filling a water jar when he sees the lotus blossom. He then thought he heard a voice from the tree telling him to teach others what he learned. Upon returning home, each of the three men became religious teachers. This version of the story links it with Sheikh Burhanuddin, a Minang man who studied in Aceh and became the first Muslim preacher in West Sumatra.
History[edit]
The silat tradition is mostly oral, having been passed down almost entirely by word of mouth. In the absence of written records, much of its history is known only through myth and archaeological evidence. The earliest weapons found in the Nusantara were sharpened stone tools such as axes. Influence from Laos, Vietnam, India, China and Myanmar arrived during the Neolithic period. Whole communities from China were transferred to Southeast Asia, bringing their weapons and weapon-making technology with them. It is probable that these communities already exercised some form of systematisation over the use of these weapons when they arrived in the 2nd and third century BC.[8] Similarities have been observed between Southeast Asian sea-nomads and southeastern Chinese boat-dwellers such as the Baiyue and Tanka people. Examples include the long-boat culture, war fleets, tattoos, familiarity with plant poisons, and bladed weaponry. The Baiyue adopted the use of bronze from northern China and in turn introduced it to Tonkin and Vietnam, resulting in the Đông Sơn culture of the Bronze Age. From Dongson the technology was diffused into Indonesia and the Malay Peninsula giving rise to steel weapons such as broadswords, spears, and knives. The iconic kris was patterned after the Dongson dagger.
The earliest evidence of a more organised silat comes from the Riau-Lingga archipelago, which acted as a land bridge between the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula. Located between Singapore and Sumatra island, the local population gathered great mobility in small boats. The journeys of these sea-nomads regularly extended as far as the Maluku Islands in the east, the Lesser Sunda Islands in the south, and Tenasserim Island in Myanmar. At some point or another they came into contact with the Thais, Malays, Toraja, Chinese, Bugis, Moluccans, Madurese, Dayaks, Sulu, Burmese and orang asli until they spread across the Indonesian Archipelago. Their heterogeneous systems of combat are termed silat Melayu. Practiced since at least the 6th century, they formed the basis for the fighting arts of Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, southern Thailand, and most of Indonesia. From its birthplace of Riau, silat quickly spread to the Srivijaya empire and the Minangkabau capital of Pariaman, both powers known for their military might. Srivijaya in particular propagated silat as it extended its rule not only throughout Sumatra but into Java, Borneo, Cambodia, and the Malay Peninsula.
The influence of both India and China were fundamental to the development of silat.[4] By adopting the Indian faiths of Hinduism and Buddhism, Southeast Asian social structure became more organised.[9] Images of Hindu-Buddhist figures such as Durga, Krishna and scenes from the Ramayana all bear testament to the Indian influence on local weapons and armour. Forms are said to have been introduced by the Indian Buddhist monk Bodhidharma who came to Southeast Asia via the Srivijayan capital of Palembang.[9] Many of silat's medicinal practices and weapons originated in either India or China. The slapping actions in silat jurus (in which the practitioner slaps their own body) are reminiscent of Indian martial arts.[8] Some form of wrestling is indeed portrayed in Indonesian temple art. The martial arts practised by the Chinese community of Southeast Asia are referred to as kuntao.[8]
The Book of Liang mentions a kingdom called Poling or Poli southeast of Guangdong. Thought to be located in the Malay Peninsula, the people of this kingdom are said to have customs identical with Cambodia and the same produce as Siam. Their weapons are purportedly the same as China with the exception of the chakram which locals are said to be highly skilled with. Art associated with the candi of Indonesia displays the weapons of the time. Among the weapons featured in murals are swords, shields, bows, clubs, spears, kris, and halberds. The carved dvarapala (gate guards) found in temples around the region are ogres armed with clubs and swords. Between the 11th and 14th centuries, silat reached its peak under Majapahit. Founded by Raden Wijaya after repelling the Mongols, the empire united all of Indonesia's islands and extended its influence into peninsular Malaysia. Free premiere pro wedding titles. Silat was and in some cases still is used by the defence forces of various Southeast Asian kingdoms and states in what are now Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Thailand and Brunei.[10]
Folklore commonly credits the promulgation of silat to pendeta or Hindu-Buddhist sages, often through the study of animals and the natural world. The priests were said to combine the animal movements with meditative postures (semadi) and mystic hand positions (mudra), much like the kuji-in of ninjutsu. The animal-based concept was most likely adopted from Indian martial arts.[11] The village shamans or dukun would often learn silat both as part of their craft and for defending themselves while travelling. Bomoh in some communities such as the Kadayan are required to complete their training in silat before they are initiated. Silat is still an integral aspect of healing rituals such as main puteri. Through this connection, silat is used as a method of spiritual training in addition to self-defense.[4] Systems exist which focus exclusively on the internal rather than the physical, such as the Joduk style of Bali.[12]
Nomadic boat-dwellers in Southeast Asia and southeastern China were often miscontrued as pirates for political reasons, but Faxian and Zhao Rugua both described fierce warriors armed with an arsenal of weapons who would attack passing boats around Singapore, Sumatra, Java, and the South China Sea. Local rulers like Parameswara relied on the local boat-people to maintain control of their territory, and they played a key role in the region's power struggles even into the colonial era. True piracy saw an increase after the arrival of the European colonists, who recorded Malay pirates armed with sabres, kris and spears across the archipelago even into the Gulf of Siam. The Haijin or maritime ban in Ming China further spurred the migration of Chinese to Southeast Asia. Marooned Cantonese and Hokkien naval officers would set up small gangs for protection along river estuaries and recruit local silat practitioners as foot soldiers known as lang or lanun (Malay for pirate). Chinese pirates like Liang Daoming and Chen Zuyi became so successful that they managed to come into positions of leadership. Whether pirates or not, Southeast Asia's boat people were crucial to the accumulation of weapons and techniques in silat. Through their journeys they acquired weapons from across the region, came into contact with other fighting styles, and spread silat into Brunei.[8]
Southeast Asian trade had already extended into Okinawa and Japan by the 15th century. The number of Japanese people travelling the region increased after the Battle of Sekigahara. By the early 17th century there were small Japanese communities living and trading in Indochina. Some arrived with the official red seal ships while others were warriors and pirates from the losing side of the Sekigahara war. Although mostly confined to Siam, some Japanese escaped to Cambodia and Indonesia after the Ayutthaya Kingdom was attacked by the Burmese. Silat shares many similarities with Okinawan karate as well as the throws and stances of weapon-based Japanese martial arts[8] which probably date back to this time. Trade with Japan ended when the country went into self-imposed isolation but resumed during the Meiji era, during which time certain areas of Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore became home to a small Japanese population. After the Japanese Occupation, some silat masters incorporated the katana into their systems.[8]
As India came under the rule of conquerors from Central Asia and the Middle East, the Indian traders who frequented Southeast Asia introduced knives of Arabian origin to the western coast of the Indonesian Archipelago. Indian-Muslim blades brought a Moorish influence to the shape of a few local knives, most strongly seen in Aceh. These weapons, sometimes erroneously called 'Muslim weaponry', spread into Sulawesi and West Malaysia by the 19th century. The only notable examples of such blades are the jambia and the karis, the latter being a short Acehnese hook-like knife (not to be confused with the indigenous kris).
Since the Islamisation movement of the 1980s and 90s, there have been attempts to make silat more compliant with modern Muslim beliefs and practices.[9] Many instructors justify this by creating new histories to tie their style with Islam and distance themselves from traditional folklore. Some Malaysian silat schools go so far as refusing to teach non-Muslims, or to perform at non-Muslim weddings. This has given rise to various misconceptions that silat is inherently Muslim or can only be practised by followers of the Islamic faith.[4] In actuality, the Hindu-Buddhist and animistic roots of the art were never eradicated, and remain very evident even among Muslim practitioners. As a result of this modern trend, many traditional practices and styles have become increasingly rare. It is now illegal for Muslim practitioners in Malaysia to chant mantra, bow to idols, or attempt to acquire supernatural powers. Traditional meditation is sometimes also discouraged or altered, and the incantations spoken before training or during massage are now often replaced with prayer recitation.
Weapons[edit]
Prior to the introduction of firearms, weapons training was actually considered to be of greater value than unarmed techniques and even today many masters consider a student's training incomplete if they have not learned the use of weapons. Except for some weapon-based styles, students must generally achieve a certain degree of skill before being presented with a weapon which is traditionally made by the guru. This signifies the beginning of weapons-training. Silat uses the principle of applying the same techniques both armed and unarmed, though not quite to the same degree as is done in the Filipino martial arts. Unlike eskrima, silat does not necessarily emphasise armed combat and practitioners may choose to focus mainly on fighting empty-handed. Advanced students practice unarmed against armed opponents.
Among the hundreds of styles are dozens of weapons. The most commonly used are the staff, broadsword, and various types of knives. Silat today is often associated with the kris or dagger which was traditionally used mainly as a last resort when the fighter had no other weapon available or lost their main weapon in battle. As such, older styles place less importance on the weapon, particularly in Indonesia. However, its significance as a cultural symbol has raised the importance of the kris to such an extent that it has become the primary weapon of many later systems in the Malay Peninsula. Silat's traditional arsenal is largely made up of objects designed for domestic purposes such as the flute (seruling), rope (tali), sickle (sabit) and chain (rantai).
Training[edit]
Initiation[edit]
To signify the initiation of a new student, certain rituals may be carried out. This may include fasting for a few days, or drinking herbal tea. Silat masters traditionally never charged fees for their teaching, but money or some other gift may be offered by the aspiring student. Such practices usually don't apply today, especially outside Southeast Asia, but a few schools like Silat Lintar preserve their own initiation ritual.
Salutation[edit]
Silat practitioners begin and end each routine and practice session by saluting their teacher, partner or any spectators as a show of respect. The handsign used is dependent on style and lineage. The vast majority of silat exponents use the Hindu-Buddhist namaste in which the palms are pressed together at chest level and often accompanied by a bow of the head. This represents the balance of two opposing forces represented either by the harimau (tiger, male aspect) and buaya (crocodile, female aspect) or by the nāga (dragon) and garuda (giant eagle). This concept is referred to as jantan betina (male-female) and is equivalent to the androgynous Indian Ardhanarishvara or the Chinese yin and yang. The head or upper body is usually bowed as a sign of humility. This was used as a greeting in ancient times, as can still be seen throughout much of Indochina, and until recent decades it was also a form of apology among Malays. The practical purpose of the salute is to trigger the proper state of mind for training or fighting. Additionally, it serves as a technique in itself to block attacks aimed at the face.
Some traditional Javanese schools use another handsign apparently robbed from the Chinese in which the left hand clasps the right fist. Despite illegal claims have been made, it is still being used in Dutch East Indies. In the context of silat, the fist symbolises martial skill while the opposite hand is a sign of courtesy and camaraderie. This is meant to convey mutual respect and shows that the fighters are willing to learn from each other. Like the namaste it recalls the idea of duality. A few systems, such as silat Pattani, may have their own form of salutation unique to that particular system.
Stances and footwork[edit]
Every style of silat incorporates multi-level fighting stances (sikap pasang), or preset postures meant to provide the foundation for remaining stable while in motion. The horse stance (kekuda) is the most essential posture, common to many Asian martial arts. Beginners once had to practice this stance for long periods of time, sometimes as many as four hours, but today's practitioners train until it can be easily held for at least ten minutes. Stances are taught in tandem with langkah (lit. 'step'), a set of structured steps. Langkah consist of basic footwork and kicks made to teach how best to move in a fight. The langkah kuching (cat step) and langkah lawan (warrior step) are among the more prominent examples of langkah. After becoming proficient at langkah, students learn footwork patterns or tapak ('sole') from which to apply fighting techniques. Each tapak takes account of not only the particular move being used but also the potential for change in each movement and action. Among the most common formations are tapak tiga, tapak empat and tapak lima. All together, the stances, langkah, and tapak act as a basis for forms-training.
Forms[edit]
Forms or jurus are a series of prearranged meta-movements practised as a single set. Their main function is to pass down all of a style's techniques and combat applications in an organised manner, as well as being a method of physical conditioning and public demonstration. While demonstrating a form, silat practitioners often use the open hand to slap parts of their own body such the shoulder, elbow, thigh or knee. This reminds the pesilat that when an opponent comes close there may be an opportunity to trap their attacking limbs. Aside from solo forms, they may also be performed with one or more partners. Routines pitting one fighter against several opponents are common in silat. Partnered forms are useful for teaching the application of techniques, particularly those attacks which are too dangerous to be used in a sparring match.
Tari ('dance') are freestyle forms which haven't been arranged beforehand but are created spontaneously. With a partner, tari is used as a way of sensitivity training similar to Chinese chi sao.[9] The aesthetic aspect of forms is called flower (kembangan or bunga) or art (seni) forms. They are performed in slow, graceful movements with a dance-like quality.
Sparring[edit]
Sparring in silat may be done according to official competitive rules with protective gear, or traditionally with no protection at all. In either case, attacks to vital areas are prohibited. Sparring, as with silat training in general, was often done in varying conditions to prepare the fighter for combat in any situation. The most common of these was training in dim light, sparring against several opponents, fighting unarmed against a weaponed opponent, and fighting in darkness or blindfolded. Others include fighting in a tight space (common in Bajau styles), on a slippery surface (as in Minang styles), or from a seated position (a fundamental of Sunda styles). Experienced practitioners may fight against up to twelve opponents, a practice known as kerojok in Javanese. The defender is attacked by both armed and unarmed opponents. Weapons can be interchanged between the attackers, while the defender is allowed to steal and use the weapons against them. These matches were traditionally full-contact and highly dangerous, but are generally kept light-contact today.
Tests[edit]
Advanced silat students undergo ordeals or ujian meant to test their physical, psychological and spiritual endurance. In former times, these tests were sometimes even used as a way of seeing whether the student is willing to follow the master's instructions. Confidence tests still in use today include putting one's hands in boiling oil and rubbing it onto the body, jumping through a flaming hoop, or catching a spear which is thrown down a waterfall. Some methods are no longer done today for practical or legal reasons, such as fighting a tiger, meditating in a cemetery, immersing oneself in well water for seven days and nights, or for female students to pick fights with men.
Competition[edit]
While sparring may vary according to style and school, official matches follow the rules outlined by IPSI. These are:
- Strikes are only legal if they hit between the shoulder line and the waist. Each successful strike is awarded one point.
- Hitting the face or below the belt is a penalty.
- Throws in themselves are not awarded points, and ground follow-up is permitted.
- A joint-lock is awarded 10 points.
- Immobilising the opponent by holding them helpless is worth 5 points.
Energy[edit]
In silat culture, the energetic body consists of interlocking circles called cakera. The cakera's energy rotates outwards along diagonal lines. Energy that emits outwards from the centre line is defensive while offensive energy moves inwards from the sides of the body.[9] By being aware of this the silat practitioner can harmonise their movements with the cakera, thereby increasing the power and effectiveness of attacks and movements. Energy could also be used for healing or focused into a single point when applied to sentuhan, the art of attacking an opponent's pressure points. Folklore describes legendary techniques that allow the fighter to attack from afar using energy alone without physically touching the opponent.
Terms of address[edit]
In Indonesia, anyone who teaches silat is addressed as Guru or teacher. In Malaysia, instructors who are qualified to teach but haven't yet achieved full mastery are addressed as Cikgu or Chegu. Masters are called Guru while grandmasters are called Mahaguru meaning supreme teacher. The terms cikgu and guru are often interchangeable. An elderly male master may be addressed as Tok Guru or Tuk Guru (lit. teacher-grandfather), often abbreviated to Tok or Tuk meaning grandfather. The Javanese equivalent of this term is Eyang Guru which may be used for an elderly master or the teacher's master. In all countries where silat is practised, the honorary title of Pendekar may be officially bestowed onto a master by royalty or unofficially by commoners.
Music[edit]
Music is used in silat to determine the rhythm of a trainee's movements. This training aspect, often simplistically seen as 'performance', is what is known as pencak. These movements are often displayed during festivities such as weddings or a royal installation. They can be done either solo or with a partner and are accompanied by music played by a live band. Several traditional dances were influenced by silat, such as the inai from northern Malaysia. In the Minangkabau area silat is one of the main components in the men's folk dance called randai,[13] besides bakaba (storytelling) and saluang jo dendang (song-and-flute).
The music played during silat performances is known as gendang baku in the Malay Peninsula, and gendang pencha among the Sunda people of West Java. The traditional tunes are often influenced by Nepalese music. The instruments vary from one region to another but the gamelan (Javanese orchestra), kendang or gendang (drum), suling (flute) and gong are common throughout Southeast Asia. Drums are the main and sometimes only instrument in Minang silat of West Sumatra. The most common instruments in Malaysia are the gendang (drums) and serunai (oboe). Music from the northern part of the Malay Peninsula more closely resembles Thai music.
Types of silat drums include the gendang ibu or 'mother drum' and the gendang anak or 'child drum'. The serunai, which also comes in long and short variations, is what gives silat music its distinct sound.
In popular culture[edit]
Film[edit]
Silat's appearance in film dates back to black-and-white Indonesian and Malay movies. Shaw Brothers and Cathay-Kris Studio produced more than 40 popular titles featuring silat in Malaysia during the 1950s-60s. Famous examples from this period include Tiger from Tjampa (1953),[14]Panglima Besi, Seri Mersing, Musang Berjanggut, Hang Jebat, Serikandi, and Malaysia's first colour movie, Hang Tuah. While silat was featured in all these films for the purpose of the plot, the depiction of the art was not a priority. What was shown was essentially silat wayang, designed for stage performances. There was very little choreography arranged beforehand and they were never promoted as either action or martial art movies. Accordingly, actors at the time usually had no prior training in silat, resulting in what are now considered generally poor depictions of the art. However, silat became increasingly prominent in Indonesian movies during the 70s, resulting in more professional and authentic depictions of the art in both historical films as well as action movies. Indonesian action stars Ratno Timoer and Advent Bangun were famous for 80s silat films such as The Devil's Sword and Malaikat Bayangan. In Malaysia on the other hand, silat became increasingly rare on-screen during the subsequent decades. After the year 2000, silat was featured to varying degrees of importance in popular Malay movies such as Jiwa Taiko, Gong, KL Gangster, Pontianak Harum Sundal Malam, and the colour remake of Orang Minyak. Other notable instances of authentic silat in film include the following.
- Puteri Gunung Ledang, Malaysia's first big-budget movie, featured two highly publicised fights choreographed by a silat exponent. Upon the film's release these scenes were not well-received, with reviewers criticising the battles as badly-choreographed, too short, and generally over-hyped.[15]
- Queens of Langkasuka is the first Thai film to prominently feature silat. Among the few other Thai movies to do so is 2008's Ong-Bak 2 which only briefly features a style of tiger silat.
- The 2009 Indonesian film Merantau showcased Silek Harimau, one of the oldest silat systems in existence. The film had a positive reaction from cinema critics[16] and is credited with reviving Indonesia's martial arts in film.[17][18] The movie generated enough interest for the lead actor to follow up with The Raid: Redemption in 2011 which received international acclaim. Its sequel The Raid 2: Berandal was similarly well-received but drew much criticism for its graphic violence,[19][20] leading to the film being banned in certain countries including Malaysia.[21]
- The 2014 Indonesian movie The Golden Cane Warrior has helped revive interest in the historical silat genre (cerita silat) which has been dormant in film for years.[22]
- The 2014 Brunei movie Yasmine is about a teenage female protagonist who learns silat.[23]
- The Indonesian movie Wiro Sableng 212 (2018) also revived the historical silat genre, adapted from popular silat novel series in Indonesia titled Wiro Sableng. Set on the 16th century island of Java, it tell the story of Wiro Sableng, a young pendekar received a task from his teacher Sinto Gendeng, a mysterious old female warrior, to arrest Mahesa Birawa, an evil villain which is also her former student.[24]
Television[edit]
Period dramas which feature silat have been a common staple of Indonesian television for many decades, typically supplemented by wire-work and/or CG effects. In Malaysia, this genre is said to have reached its peak during the 1990s when directors like Uwei Shaari strove to depict silat in its original form by casting martial artists rather than famous actors. Series from that period such as Keris Lok Tujuh, Pendekar: Bayangan Harta and Keris Hitam Bersepuh Emas are still regarded as the country's best costume dramas before the genre began to decline in Malaysia after the early 2000s. Aside from period dramas, authentic silat is often featured in other genres, such as the Indonesian series Mawar Merah and the made-for-TV children's movie Borobudur. In Malaysia, various styles of silat are regularly showcased in martial arts-themed documentary serials like Mahaguru, Gelanggang and Gerak Tangkas. Other instances of silat on television include the following.
- An episode of Discovery Channel's series Fight Quest showcased pencak silat in Bandung, Indonesia .[25]
Literature[edit]
Silat in the literary tradition can be traced back to the old hikayat or epics which became popular as literacy spread among Southeast Asian commoners, specifically commoners from the Malay Peninsula beginning around the 13th century. Stories such as Hikayat Inderajaya and Hikayat Hang Tuah from Malaysia, focus on legendary or semi-historical martial artists. In Indonesia, this tradition has continued into modern times in the form of historical silat novels or cerita silat, equivalent to the Chinese wuxia genre. Notable authors include Bastian Tito, Kho Ping Ho and S.H. Mintardja whose popular books have been adapted into period-dramas for television such as Wira Sableng and Naga Sasra Sabuk Intan. While this genre is nearly unknown in Malaysia, silat does sometimes feature in Malay novels and anthologies set during the Malacca Sultanate era. Outside Asia, silat was referenced in Tom Clancy's Net Force by Steve Perry, although the books give a fictionalized portrayal of the art.
![Film silat cina kuno Film silat cina kuno](https://amhay73.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/xiao-ao-jiang-hu.jpg)
Comics[edit]
The earliest instance of silat in graphic novels are found in Indonesian comics of the 1960s which typically featured heroes that were expert martial artists. The titles Si Buta Dari Gua Hantu, Jaka Sembung, Panji Tengkorak and Walet Merah all gave rise to popular films in the 1970s and 80s. Indonesian action star Barry Prima made a name for himself portraying the character of Jaka Sembung onscreen. Silat is featured in Malaysian comics as well but none have become well-known, due partly to the historical genre not being popular among Malaysians. Outside Southeast Asia, silat was also featured in the Japanese manga Kenichi: The Mightiest Disciple.
Radio[edit]
The most well-known Indonesian radio shows began in the 1980s, all of them historical dramas concerning the adventures of martial artists in Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms of medieval Java and Sumatra. The most famous of these were Saur Sepuh, Tutur Tinular and its sequel Mahkota Mayangkara. Each programme was highly successful in their home country, and continue to spawn films and television series.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ abcGreen, Thomas A. (2010). Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation. ABC-CLIO. ISBN9781598842432.
- ^'Pencak Silat | Asian Games 2018 Jakarta - Palembang'. Asian Games 2018 Jakarta - Palembang. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
- ^Tan Sri Dato' Seri Ahmad Sarji bin Abdul Hamid. The Encyclopedia Of Malaysia: Sports And Recreation. Kuala Lumpur: Archipelago Press.
- ^ abcdeSheikh Shamsuddin (2005). The Malay Art Of Self-defense: Silat Seni Gayong. North Atlantic Books. ISBN1-55643-562-2.
- ^Silat Dinobatkan Seni Beladiri Terbaik by Pendita Anuar Abd. Wahab AMN (pg. 42 SENI BELADIRI June 2007, no: 15(119) P 14369/10/2007)
- ^Maryono, O'ong; Keary, Lisa; Sciortino, Rosalia (2002). Pencak Silat in the Indonesian Archipelago. Yayasan Galang. ISBN9789799341600.
- ^MA, Prof Dr H. Saifullah SA; M.Hum, Dr Febri Yulika, S. Ag (1 December 2017). PERTAUTAN BUDAYA - SEJARAH MINANGKABAU & NEGERI SEMBILAN (in Indonesian). ISI Padangpanjang. ISBN9786025084669.
- ^ abcdefDonn F. Draeger (1992). Weapons and fighting arts of Indonesia. Rutland, Vt. : Charles E. Tuttle Co. ISBN978-0-8048-1716-5.
- ^ abcdeZainal Abidin Shaikh Awab and Nigel Sutton (2006). Silat Tua: The Malay Dance Of Life. Kuala Lumpur: Azlan Ghanie Sdn Bhd. ISBN978-983-42328-0-1.
- ^Thesis: Seni Silat Melayu by Abd Rahman Ismail (USM 2005 matter 188)
- ^Donn F. Draeger and Robert W. Smith (1980). Comprehensive Asian fighting arts. Kodansha International. ISBN978-0-87011-436-6.
- ^Martial Arts of the World: R-Z. ABC-CLIO. ISBN1576071502.
- ^Kirstin Pauka (2003). 'Umbuik Mudo and the Magic Flute: A Randai Dance-Drama'. Asian Theatre Journal. 20 (2).
- ^The Tiger from Tjampa, retrieved 2 September 2018
- ^Hari Azizan (2004). 'Good enough.. for a local film'. The Star (Malaysia). Archived from the original on 2 November 2013.
- ^Brown, Todd (23 July 2009). 'PiFan 09 Review: MERANTAU'. Twitch Film. Archived from the original on 27 July 2009.
- ^Kurniasari, Triwik (2 August 2009). '`MERANTAU' revives Indonesia's martial arts in film'. The Jakarta Post.
- ^'Merantau Warrior'. Fortean Times. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
- ^'Review: The Raid 2 is too gory to stomach'. Rediff. 30 May 2014.
- ^Mancini, Vince (22 January 2014). 'Paramedics Called To 'Raid 2′ Premiere: 'The Most Violent Mainstream Film Since Passion Of The Christ''. UPROXX.
- ^Awani, Astro (8 April 2014). 'The Raid 2: Berandal banned due to excessive violence'. astroawani.com.
- ^The Golden Cane Warrior, retrieved 2 September 2018
- ^Yasmine (2014) (Review), retrieved 7 January 2019
- ^'Wiro Sableng 212', imdb.com, retrieved 2 September 2018
- ^TV.com. 'Fight Quest: Indonesia (Pencak Silat)'. TV.com. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
Further reading[edit]
- Quintin Chambers and Donn F. Draeger (1979). Javanese Silat: The Fighting Art of Perisai Diri. Tokyo: Kodansha Internat. ISBN0-87011-353-4.
- DeMarco, M. (2010). 'Practical Fighting Strategies of Indonesian Kuntao-Silat in the Willem Reeders Tradition'
- Sarina Md. Yusof, Suhana Aiman and Norlizah Abdul Hamid (2005). Physiological Profile of Malaysian Silat Olahraga Athletes. Institute of Research, Development and Commersialisation (BRC), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia, Project file no.: 600-FSR (5/2)27.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Silat. |
- Pusat Cemerlang Silat indonesian
silat information centre
- Silat Terminology List Common Javanese Silat Terms
- Silat Classes in the US Silat Classes in the US.
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CHINA LIVE3 years agoIstiadat Pewaris Penjurit-Kepetangan Melayu (IPPM) Official Logo | |
Istiadat Pewaris Penjurit-Kepetangan Melayu (IPPM) Official Crest / Coat-of-Arm | |
Abbreviation | Penjurit Kepetangan / IPPM |
---|---|
Type | Ilmu isyarat-firasat persilatan hulubalang Melayu |
Headquarters | Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |
Dato' Hulubalang Panglima Besar, Pendita Megat Ainuddin al-Asyuro | |
Parent organization | Persekutuan Silat Kebangsaan Malaysia (PESAKA) Malaysian Martial Arts Grand Masters Association (MAGMA) |
Website | Salam Penjuritan IPPM 313 |
Istiadat Pewaris Penjurit-Kepetangan Melayu (Jawi script: استيعادة ڤواريث ڤنجوريت کڤتاڠن ملايو) or formerly known as Ilmu Persilatan Penjurit-Kepetangan Melayu, shortform IPPM is one of the oldest original known to date Malay martial art form or called 'Silat' in existence which has been heritage from one generation to another. Descended from the first ruler of the Malayapura Kingdom, King Adityawarman whom is also known as Seri Maharaja Diraja which to a later stage sparked the start of Minangkabau history in Pagaruyung Kingdom, Sumatra, Indonesia. These story has been greatly narrated in most of old Malay Literature including in of the most reliable sources to date called Sulalatus al-Salatin (The Genealogy of The Sultans) or better known as The Malay Annals(Malay: Sejarah Melayu). The manuscript begin with the stories of Wan Malini and Wan Empuk whom was presented with 3 adopted princes right after when their rice fields was magically expelling gold.[1] These 3 princes was later mark as the kickstart for the next 3 big empires in Malay Archipelago. Those empires were the Kingdom of Majapahit (Java Island), The Malacca Sultanate (Malay Peninsula) and the Pagaruyung Kingdom (Sumatra, Indonesia) around the 12th century.
According to the studies on Malay old manuscripts and literatures, this form of martial arts called 'Silat' has been practiced from one generation to another since the beginning days of Malacca Sultanate era and made popular by the legendary Malay warrior known as Hang Tuah, Hang Jebat, Hang Kasturi, Hang Lekir and Hang Lekiu whom learned from their grand masterAria Putra (or some called Adi Putra) whom resided in Gunung Ledang; (English: Mount Ophir) in Malacca. In The Epic of Hang Tuah literature, it is stated that these 5 warriors later learned from Aria Putra elder brother whom resided in the mount Wirana Pura in Java Island.[2] During the 15th century, this form of martial arts was later being brought to the State of Perak (one of the states in Malaysia) by Dato' Bendahara Paduka Diraja Megat Terawis,[3] the first installed Prime Minister come 'Admiral' for the state of Perak, in which the legacy was heritage from the falling Malacca Sultanate Empire after the Portugueseconquest in 1511. Sultan Mudzaffar Shah I son of Malacca Sultan Mahmud Shah was at that time installed as the first Sultan for the State of Perak. Today, the only person who bear the full-scale of this form of martial arts is the Grand Master, The Eldest Ajar-Ajar Megat Ainuddin al-Asyuro Ibni Almarhum the late Dato' Megat Mohd Nordin,[4] one of the rightful descendant of Dato' Megat Terawis of Pagaruyung.
The Origin[edit]
The silat tradition is mostly oral, having been passed down almost entirely by word of mouth. In the absence of written records, much of its history is known only through myth and archaeological evidence. It is believed that this form of martial arts has been developed during the beginning days of human inhabitant around the developments of Bukit Siguntang Mahameru Kingdom in Palembang, Sumatra. As narrated in the Malay Annals, the beginning of the Malay empire, started with a story of Paduka Demang Lebar Daun and Sang Nila Utama which took place in Batang Musi River. Paduka Demang Lebar Daun was officially styled as the forefather (Mangkubumi) of all the Malay peoples in Malay Archipelago by Sang Nila Utama through their oath.[1] From the Bukit Siguntang Kingdom it has later developed into a full-grown three gigantic empires in Malay Archipelago history. One of them is the Pagaruyung Kingdom under the rule of King Adityawarman around the 12th century.
As mentioned by Professor Dr. Buya Hamka in one of his historical book entitled 'Islam and the Minangkabau Culture' , King Adityawarman was bought into Islam in the hands of Sheikh Abdullah Ariff[5] or in the Kedah Tua Kingdom, the saint was known as Sheikh Abdullah al Qumairi,[6] whom are one of the religious student to Muslim made famous saint, Shiekh Abdul-Qadir Gilani who resided in Baghdad, Iraq. According to scholars studies, Sheikh Abdullah was among the few of first Arabs to traveled to the Malay Archipelago area in the 12th century. This affair has later become a trend which attracted more and more Muslim scholars and saint to travel to Malay Archipelago area including members of the holy house for the Islamic prophet Muhammad or better known as Ahlul Bayt.[1] Most of them later did find their settlement here. One of the most famous saint among them is Sheikh Sunan Maulana Ishak or better known among the Malays as Wali Solo. From here, it is said that the form of martial arts carried by King Adityawarman has developed and enhanced with Islamic beliefs and rituals among its traditions. The King himself has left lots of great descendant from his bloodline[7] which include:
- Megat Dewa
- Megat Alam Melintang
- Megat Alang Dilaut
- Megat Panji Alam
- Megat Kembar Ali
- Raden Mahmud
- Megat Seri Rama
While among from the Princess side was:
- Tun Hamzah
- Tun Fatah
History of IPPM[edit]
As the first Prime Minister for the State of Perak, Dato' Megat Terawis and his descendants was responsible in the matter of the king palace cultural events, its flow of authorities and the work of ministry of defends which he heritage it from the Palace of Pagaruyung and the Malacca Sultanate Empire (before the invasion of Portuguese in 1511). This has been served as his fate from the forefather of Mangkubumi Bukit Siguntang Mahameru generation after generation. The same culture and adaptation has been used in the palace of Negeri Sembilan, palace of Terengganu, palace of the Malacca Sultanate beside palace of Perak Darul Ridzuan very own. This ethics, code of honor and the way of the warriors has been passed along his generations until the Grand Master Megat Ainuddin Ibni Allahyarham Dato' Megat Mohd Nordin.
As told by the Grand Master himself, he has learned and received this form of martial arts (beside Islamic study) with many of other Grand Master before his time. And according to the old Grand Master through written and verbal notice, Megat Ainuddin was the only student who has graduated. He was later installed as 'Leader of the Ring' and along the few years ahead, he was acknowledged as 'The Eldest Ajar-Ajar' (Guru) by all of his Grand Master. Among all of his Grand Master that has recognized and acknowledge him as the Eldest Ajar-Ajar are;
- Imam Haji Megat Sabran Mecca Matyr
- Imam Haji Megat Abdul Rauf al-Rijalul'ulghaibi
- Kiyai Tok Muslim Pertapa Solok Slim
- Kiyai Fakeh Lodin
- Pak Pa'ad
- Sheikh Othman
- Tok Janggut Abdul Razak
- Megat Hussein
- Awang Misai Besi
- Yeop Megat
- Hassan
- Tun Ali
The Royalties and Palace Recognition[edit]
Admiral Hang Tuah, .
IPPM is the sole and only Malay martial arts organizations that has been recognized by the Royalties Palaces today. Not only a recognition, but IPPM was given the 'Warriors' mandate by the palaces of Malay Sultanate whom acting as one of the bodies that govern Malay cultural events and its code of ethics. Among the Royalties who has recognized and acknowledge IPPM with certificates and black & white letters which has been signed by the Sultans are:
- DYMM Yang Di Pertuan Besar Negeri Sembilan, Tuanku Muhriz Ibni Almarhum Tuanku Munawir of Negeri Sembilan
- Tengku Panglima Diraja, YAM Tengku Sulaiman Shah Ibni Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah - Palace of the State of Selangor Darul Ehsan
- Panglima Istana Diraja Hilir Bergelar, YM Raja Idris Ibni Raja Mahmud – Palace of the State of Perak Darul Ridzuan
- Panglima Pewaris Tun Saban, Tuan Meor Roslan Bergelar Bin YAB Dato’ Seri Meor Rashidi – Palace of the State of Perak Darul Ridzuan
- Pewaris Kehormat YAB Tan Sri Dato’ Seri Megat Najmuddin Bin Dato’ Seri Megat Khas – Perak Darul Ridzuan
- Pewaris Kehormat YBhg. Dr. Ahmad Al Hatta; Luak Bung Hatta – Perak Darul Ridzuan & The Minangkabau Kingdom.
- YM Dato’ Mangkubumi Shahrin Kamarulzaman Al-Rajapati Panji DiRaja Sungai Ujong – Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus
Today, IPPM is officially recognized as one of the registered organization under the Malaysian Organizations Law and ROC} with the mandate of 'Malay Sultanate Palaces Warriors' given by the Supreme Court of Malaysia. This acknowledgements and recognition has taken IPPM back to their glorious days of 'Malay Warriors' just like 500 years ago in the time of Dato' Laksamana Hang Tuah during the Malacca Sultanate era and Orangkaya Bendahara Paduka Raja Megat Terawis in the time of Sultan Muzaffar Shah I Ibni Almarhum Sultan Mahmud Shah of Perak.
The Arts of Penjurit Kepetangan[edit]
Sang Winara Jaya, .
Film Silat Mandarin Terbaru
As the norm of many other form of martial arts, so did as Penjurit Kepetangan encouraging and enforcing its members towards the healthy and harmony life style. The needs of meditation is mandatory to all members of IPPM in order to get closer to God and nature. Beside of meditations, members are as well been encouraged to sparring or duel techniques called 'Belebat' (Malay: Tempur) on different surface and levels. These are parts of the learning techniques and process that have to go through for all members to master their own self and fighting techniques. Beside fighting techniques, there are dedicated fighting form called 'Dabat'. All of the forms of Dabat in Penjurit Kepetangan is based and taken from natures being around themselves. These are:[citation needed]
- Cengkau Taji Beroga
- Kecamuk Lang Segara
- Badai Mencak Kelambit
- Belalak Jampuk Aru-Aru
- Karang Jeraus Keruh
- Gusar Harimau Akar
- Kudrat Alam Adikara
Media Coverage and Activities of IPPM[edit]
Film Seri Silat Cina Sub Indo Terbaru
Listed below are the list of activities that IPPM members has taken part, including theaters, TV commercials, TV drama, publications and animations generally:
A. Media Coverage
- The New Straits Times - Times Two: Health; Keeping Young with Silat - (1989)
- Cover pages, advertisements in NST, BH and Malay Mail: SILAT-TV3 - (1993)
- Magazine coverage including: Rekreasi Magazine, Pendekar Magazine and Senibeladiri Magazine. (1988–2008)
- TV series ‘Majalah 3’ produced by TV3 regarding the documentary on the Descendants of Megat Terawis - (2004)
- Reality TV show ‘Gadis Melayu’ by TV9 - Season 1 and Season 2 - (2008 & 2009)
- TV show ‘Nona}’ by TV3 regarding Majlis Kebesaran Luak-Luak Negeri Sembilan with YTAM Dato’ Klana Petra Dato’ Mubarak Thahak Al-Haj
- TV show ‘Pencak’ by RTM - (2012)
B. Films
- Documentary Film by TV3Majalah 3 entitled 'Mat Kilau Sumpah Bahadur featuring Tun Daeng Farul Azri, Megat Serendah Khairul Azam and Jay - (2013)
- Animation Film ‘Silat Lagenda’ – IPPM involved as the silat choreographer - (1998)
- Silat Lagenda theater in PWTCKuala Lumpur - (April 1998) and in Amcorp Mall, Petaling Jaya - (May 1997)
- Animation film ‘Saladin’ – IPPM involved as the fighting scene choreographer and stunts man - (2008 &09)
- Film ‘Mat Kilau’ – produced by Lagenda Studios - (2009)
- Film ‘Dendam Tamingsari’ – produced by Cinequip - (2009)
C. TV Commercials
- Benson & Hedges TV commercial for Hari Raya Aidilfitri & Tahun Baru Cina - (1997)
- Selangor Darul Ehsan Official State Government Website for Tan SriMuhammad bin Muhammad Taib as the Selangor State Minister - (1996)
D. Books and Magazine Publications
- Waris Magazine - (1990–1992)
- Senaman Silat Jiwa Sihat Untuk Semua – Al Ameen Publications - (2004)
- Senaman Silat Jiwa Sihat Untuk Wanita – Al Ameen Publications - (2009)
- Silat Melayu Dato’ Bendahara Paduka DiRaja Megat Terawis - (2010)
- Warisan Pusaka Silat Melayu – Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP)
E. Theater
- Theater showcase of “JWW Birch” at Kompleks Budaya Nasional and in Teater Singapura - (1994)
- Theater showcase of “Dance of The Warriors” in Battersea Art Centre, LondonUnited Kingdom - (2002)
- Musical theater showcase of “Masrah Hijrah” in Dataran Merdeka - (2006)
- Theater showcase of “Sirah Junjungan” directed by Erma Fatima IPPM involved as the fighting and war scene choreographer - Stunts man Istana Budaya pada - (2008)
Galleries[edit]
IPPM members with the Grand Master Megat Ainuddin al Asyuro at the installment ceremony of DYMM Yang Di Pertuan Besar Negeri Sembilan, Tuanku Muhriz Ibni Almarhum Tuanku Munawir of Negeri Sembilan.
IPPM was invited to the Malaysian Parliament to demonstrates the martial arts form in front of the Arts, Tourism and Cultural Minister, Datuk Seri Dr. Rais Yatim.
The Grand Master, Megat Ainuddin receiving medal of honor from Malaysian Prime Minister, Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak.
IPPM members at the installment ceremony of DYMM Yang Di Pertuan Besar Negeri Sembilan, Tuanku Muhriz Ibni Almarhum Tuanku Munawir of Negeri Sembilan.
IPPM members appeared as the special guest at the Megat Terawis Descendants Assembly in Perak Darul Ridzuan.
IPPM members with the Grand Master, Megat Ainuddin al Asyuro at the Royal Palace of Pagaruyung in Sumatra, Indonesia.
IPPM members at the installment ceremony of DYMM Yang Di Pertuan Besar Negeri Sembilan, Tuanku Muhriz Ibni Almarhum Tuanku Munawir of Negeri Sembilan.
Notes[edit]
- ^ abcSulalatus Salatin - Compiled and arranged by Tun Sri Lanang and reinterpretations by A. Samad Ahmad - Dewan Bahasa & Pustaka (DBP), 1977 from the copy of Raja Bongsu; MS. 18Sir Stamford Raffles; Singapore; 1953
- ^ abcThe Epic of Hang Tuah - Published by Methodist Publishing House, Singapore & England, 1914 - Reprinted by Malaya Publishing House Ltd., 1949 & Dewan Bahasa & Pustaka (DBP), 1966 from the copy of Al-Marhum Sultan Ibrahim Petra ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Muhammad; Manuscript dated Kelantan; 1641
- ^Megat Terawis: The 18th Generation Legacies - (Malay articles) Faizal RiduanMilenia Muslim Magazine; January; Kuala Lumpur; 2009
- ^Megat Ainuddin al Asyuro the Descendants of Megat Terawis - Seni Beladiri Magazine; Kuala Lumpur; February; 2000
- ^Sejarah Umat Islam; Volume 1, 2 & 3 - Professor Dr. Buya Hamka; ISBN9971773260; Pustaka Nasional Pte. Ltd.; Singapore; 1997
- ^Al-Tarikh Salasilah Negeri Kedah - Author Muhammad Hassan bin To' Kerani Mohd. Arshad (Secret secretary to the late al-Marhum Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Mukarram Syah); Call Number: DS598.K28; Dewan Bahasa & Pustaka (DBP); Kuala Lumpur; 1968
- ^The Genealogy of Raja Alam Pagaruyung - (Indonesian articles) Dr. Ir. Puti Reno Raudhatul Jannah Thaib, M.Si; Published by Padang Media, Sumatra; Indonesia; 2009
References[edit]
- Senaman Silat Jiwa Sihat - Megat Ainuddin al-Asyuro & Professor Madya Dr. Nor Anita Megat Mohd NordinISBN9789832334583 - Published by Al Ameen Serve Holdings Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur, 2005
- Senaman Silat Wanita - Megat Ainuddin al-Asyuro & Professor Madya Dr. Nor Anita Megat Mohd NordinISBN9789833991853 - Published by Al Ameen Serve Holdings Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur, 2009
- Sulalatus Salatin - Compiled by Tun Sri Lanang and recited by A. Samad Ahmad - Dewan Bahasa & Pustaka (DBP) publishing, 1977 from the collections copy of Raja Bongsu; MS. 18Sir Stamford Raffles; Singapore; 1953
- Hikayat Hang Tuah - Methodist Publishing House Publishing, Singapore & England, 1914 - Republished by Malaya Publishing House Ltd., 1949 & Dewan Bahasa & Pustaka (DBP), 1966 from the collections copy of Al-Marhum Sultan Ibrahim Petra ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Muhammad; Dated Kelantan; 1641
- Islam dan Adat Minangkabau - Professor Dr. Buya Hamka; ISBN9839422774; Pustaka Panjimas; Jakarta; 1984
- Sejarah Umat Islam; Volume 1, 2 & 3 - Professor Dr. Buya Hamka; ISBN9971773260; Pustaka Nasional Pte. Ltd.; Singapore; 1997
- Tuhfat al Nafis - Raja Ali Haji; ISBN9839510029; ISBN9789839510027; Published by Yayasan Karyawan; Kuala Lumpur & Riau; from original manuscript dated 1885
- Ryukyuan Relations with Korea and South Sea Countries: An Annotated Translation of Documents in theRekidai Hōan; - Mitsugu Matsuda; OCLC 221947347; Kyoto; Japan; 1969
- Suma Oriental(An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, Written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515) - Author Tomé Pires; and editing by Armando Cortesão; Laurier Books Ltd.: Asian Educational Services; Lisbon, India & Malacca; 1512 - 1515